COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
What Is It?
Progressive lung disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) caused primarily by smoking. Causes chronic cough, sputum, and progressive breathlessness.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Spirometry (FEV1/FVC <0.70 post-bronchodilator). Chest X-ray or CT for emphysema staging. GOLD classification for severity.
How Is It Treated?
Smoking cessation (most important), short-acting bronchodilators, LAMAs (tiotropium), LABAs, inhaled steroids. Oxygen therapy for severe hypoxia. Pulmonary rehab.
Tests and Imaging Typically Needed
Spirometry, pulse oximetry, chest X-ray, CT chest, ABG if severe, CBC, BMP.
Approximate Self-Pay Costs
Office visit: $95-$150. Spirometry: $60-$120. LAMA inhalers: $350-$500/month (generic options available). Pulmonary rehab: varies by coverage.