Glaucoma
What Is It?
Progressive optic nerve damage leading to irreversible vision loss and blindness if untreated. Open-angle glaucoma is most common - often asymptomatic until advanced. Risk: elevated IOP, age, family history, African ancestry.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Intraocular pressure measurement, optic disc exam, visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT). Ophthalmology referral for diagnosis and management.
How Is It Treated?
Topical eye drops reduce IOP (prostaglandin analogues, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha-2 agonists). Laser trabeculoplasty or surgery (trabeculectomy) for refractory cases. Adherence is critical - no cure, only control.
Tests and Imaging Typically Needed
IOP measurement, fundoscopy (optic disc cupping), visual field test, OCT, gonioscopy. Ophthalmology co-management required.
Approximate Self-Pay Costs
Office visit: $95-$150. Ophthalmology exam: $150-$300. IOP measurement: included in ophthalmology visit. Eye drops: $20-$100/month.